My Experience in DGS

My Experience in DGS Last year, I came to the University of Illinois as a student in the Division of General Studies (DGS). Originally, I applied to be in the College of Business but was instead offered admission into DGS. Although I wished to be in my college of choice, I accepted the offer and came to Illinois with an open mind. At my summer orientation, my adviser recommended that I take ADV 150 because it might be a class I would like. On the first day of classes, I went to ADV 150 and fell in love with my future major, advertising. Later on, I looked through all of the classes I would be taking if I majored in advertising; I knew that all of those classes would be about subjects I not only loved but also could succeed at. After talking more with my advisor, I learned I would need to work hard to receive good grades, get super involved in media-oriented clubs and organizations, and write a great essay to get into the College of Media, where my coveted major was. From that day on, I did everything I could to make sure my dream could become a reality. Soon, I became a member of the American Advertising Federation and also started working on the social media and web writing teams of the on-campus radio station, WPGU. In each of my classes, I studied hard, and if I didnt know something, I always went to office hours. In my second semester, it was time to fill out the transfer application for the College of Media. I wrote an essay about my love for the world of advertising and how everything I had done so far in my freshman year had helped me learn more about the profession. It was extremely rewarding to know that all of my hard work was paying off when I received an email confirming my admission into the College of Media. My experience in DGS was quite helpful to my experience at the University of Illinois. Without being in DGS, I may never have discovered that advertising was the perfect major for me. Whether you are a student in DGS who  knows what you want to major in or not, the experience of being in DGS will help you grow exponentially as a student. Always remember that even if you dont see what lies ahead on your academic path, you can always find a way to learn more about what you love. Jacob Class of 2019 I’m an Advertising student within the College of Media. My hometown is a place called Fairmount, Illinois, which is about 30 minutes from campus. I began my Illinois journey in the Division of General Studies.

Review Of The Kitab Al Fihrist - 1546 Words

Early references[edit] In 988 Ibn al-Nadim compiled the Kitab al-Fihrist which mentions Jabir as a spiritual follower and as a companion to Jafar as-Sadiq, the sixth Shia Imam. In another reference al-Nadim reports that a group of philosophers claimed Jabir was one of their own members. Another group, reported by al-Nadim, says only The Large Book of Mercy is genuine and that the rest are pseudographical. Their assertions are rejected by al-Nadim.[9] Joining al-Nadim in asserting a real Jabir; Ibn-Wahshiyya (Jaber ibn Hayyn al-Sufi ...book on poison is a great work...) Rejecting a real Jabir; (the philosopher c. 970) Abu Sulayman al-Mantiqi claims the real author is one al-Hasan ibn al-Nakad al-Mawili. The 14th century critic of Arabic†¦show more content†¦After the Abbasids took power, Jabir went back to Kufa. He began his career practicing medicine, under the patronage of a Vizir (from the noble Persian family Barmakids) of Caliph Harun al-Rashid. His connections to the Barmakid cost him dearly in the end. When that family fell from grace in 803, Jabir was placed under house arrest in Kufa, where he remained until his death. It has been asserted that Jabir was a student of the sixth Imam Ja far al-Sadiq and Harbi al-Himyari;[9][17] however, other scholars have questioned this theory.[18] The Jabirian corpus[edit] An illustration of the various experiments and instruments used by Jabir Ibn Hayyan. In total, nearly 3,000 treatises and articles are credited to Jabir ibn Hayyan.[19] Following the pioneering work of Paul Kraus, who demonstrated that a corpus of some several hundred works ascribed to JÄ bir were probably a medley from different hands,[11]:3[20] mostly dating to the late 9th and early 10th centuries, many scholars believe that many of these works consist of commentaries and additions by his followers,[citation needed] particularly of an Ismaili persuasion.[21] The scope of the corpus is vast: cosmology, music, medicine, magic, biology, chemical technology, geometry, grammar, metaphysics, logic, artificial generation of living beings, along with astrological predictions, and symbolic Imà ¢mà ® myths.[11]:5 The 112 Books

The Secret to National Junior Honor Society Essay Samples Studymode

The Secret to National Junior Honor Society Essay Samples Studymode Leadership is among the most essential traits to have not just in school but outside too. Parent or Teacher nominations aren't accepted. You should be nominated by means of a faculty member at your school. If your school doesn't have a chapter, encourage your principal to understand how to begin a chapter. I am aware that volunteer work is extremely significant in the National Junior Honor Society. Without each, the school would almost certainly be just as with any other school. A central function of the principal is to acquire buy-in from the faculty for the undertaking. My academic qualifications prove that my dedication and individual qualities will go quite a distance in my general development. I believe that I've the necessary skills and motivation that could be used efficiently by your organization. The objective is a written presentation of yourself to show that you're a prospective candidate for membership owing to your distinctive abilities. It is suggested to look for the one which has a superior reputation and offers high-quality papers at very affordable prices. By way of example, information co ncerning NHS scholarships, chapters, activities, awards, and the way to begin a chapter can readily be accessed through their site. As members, students are expected to attend monthly meetings and take part in service projects. National Junior Honor Society Essay Samples Studymode Secrets That No One Else Knows About They will supply you with those samples as it is important to them to clearly show their respect for a customer and their professional dedication to the area. This is particularly important as it will be essential to devote class time on the RSVP approach. If you're a strong candidate, you need to have perfect grammar. Students may ask the way the selection process was conducted, but there isn't any requirement an explanation of why a specific student wasn't selected be explained. List all skills which you think will enable you to develop into a member of the organization. It is an overall letter of application where you could incorporate all of your experience , explain why you're an excellent leader, community, team member. Being a real leader gives me the chance to work in a team and consider my peers' ideas to produce our plans creative and pleasurable for everybody. Possessing an excellent character can help you in turning into a wonderful leader without forgetting to be a scholar. The Do's and Don'ts of National Junior Honor Society Essay Samples Studymode This piece of text will attempt to explain exactly what this essay is about and offer you some vital suggestions on what you should do to write it correctly. This text will act as a national honor society essay example and will demonstrate one of the potential tactics to write it correctly. It can be used as a national junior honor society application essay example as well. Essay writing isn't always easy. Get some experience outside before you begin your essay. It is vital that the application essay is personal and distinctive. A well-written essay doesn't guarantee that you are going to be accepted into an organization, much is dependent on whether you fulfill the selection criteria. Be attentive since it is merely a sample and you cannot copy it to your work. Even in the event you give yourself enough time to create a few drafts, the level of your papers can stay low. All is possible if you'd like to obtain a paper since there are many essayA writing services where you find writers with perfect abilities and qualities who can assist. Your paper needs to be unique. When you have identified a need'' in your community, give critical idea to potential effective method to fulfill the need or manage the issue. If you aren't ready to fail, you will not have an original thought or an original concept, he explained. Whenever I get a chance I be su re you assist and show different people mine. This is only an extra opportunity to impress the readers. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for National Junior Honor Society Essay Samples Studymode One of these dreams is to get an honor to be a portion of NHS society. It was the best thing to do. You need to try to reflect the significance of the text and its central idea by just one short sentence. In an attempt to hook the reader's attention, the very first creative text ought to be the topic. The National Junior Honor Society Essay Samples Studymode Cover Up State your principal reason to develop into a member of the group. I myself am a tough worker at school and always attempting to do my very best. If that's the case, check your student handbook or speak with somebody in your primary office to recognize the chapter adviser. The use of the student council adviser is critically important and multifaceted. Chapters can likewise be found in international schools and America n schools across the world. Some Faculty Councils may want to interpret leadership in regard to the variety of offices held in school or community organizations. For instance, there will be chapter meetings.

An Adventure in Space Summary 2 Free Essays

The mission was carried out successfully and I was on my way back to earth with my friends. Suddenly, an unidentified flying object appeared and it somehow forced our spacecraft to land on another planet. On the planet, a very strange looking creature met us. We will write a custom essay sample on An Adventure in Space Summary 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now This creature took my crew and me to see its master. I saw another alien sitting on a very high throne. That must be their master. It wore a crown and looked like all the strange looking creatures in the room but its head was very much bigger. All the aliens had four eyes, two heads and six legs. They had a white body and no hair. The strange unknown planet looked like a prison, no worst †¦ a dungeon. There was a very high wall all around the planet. It had many buildings and everywhere you went, you could hear the wailing sounds coming from small cells. We were scared but they gave us some food, which smelt like rotten fish. The smell was so strong that we had to hold our breath in order not to faint. No one dared to touch the food. The next day, we were given a long list of things to do but they were in a language that we could not understand at all. They whipped us and put us in a small cell. After that, they conducted experiments on us. A few of us died but the rest of us who survived were put back into the cell. One day, the aliens who brought us to our cell forgot to lock the door so we escaped through the door. Soon we boarded our own spaceship and flew back to earth. We had a horrifying experience but no one believed us! After this, I never dared to go into space ever again. How to cite An Adventure in Space Summary 2, Papers

Workplace Ethics Solvay Group

Introduction Solvay group is a company located in Brussels. It deals with worldwide chemical and pharmaceutical products and distributes these products internationally in various regions such as Europe, NAFTA, Mercosur and Asia Pacific. By 2007, the group had 28,000 employees and the groups net sales from its three divisions were well over â‚ ¬ 28,000 millions (Brussels, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Workplace Ethics: Solvay Group- International Mobility and Managing Expatriates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In May 2008, the company human resource manager, Marcel Lorent was at a crossroad on who to pick for the best candidate position for an expatriate job. Before him, there were four folders each containing the details of each candidate (Groysberg et al, 2009 p. 2). The organizations goal is to assist the expats on everyway via all matters concerning the expat procedure. An expats progress an d transition would be tricky and complicated and until lately, the system in this organization had not at all times concentrated on how to make simpler the experience of each expert. Lorents group had executed several modifications whose goal was to make all phases of the expat procedure in this organization easier to comprehend though there was a room for perfection. Four candidates who had made exceptional requests, which were not extraordinary for an expat procedure, were used (Groysberg et al, 2009 p. 9). The first folder comprised of paperwork for a youthful manager by the name Ponte who was supposed to shift from Italy to the organizations China undertakings. He had shown some reluctance to shift since he looked after his mother who resided single handedly in Italy. Solvay expat policy, however, had made it clear that only pressing families were appropriate to be shifted. Lorent in this case was frightened by the fact that Solvay would lose Ponte if they were not capable of as sisting him to find a solution to this problem. Lorent wondered whether he should make an exemption and get a way to allow Ponte shift with his mother. The second central issue involved Joel Marion who was a manager from a previous Solvay sector that had its headquarters in Detroit (Groysberg et al, 2009 p. 18). He was seeking to go back to Brussels following 13 years in Mexico and America. Lorent, however, was not aware of apt positions that would utilize Marion’s extensive know how and offer him the opportunity to continually improve and advance his career prospects at the company. Lorent had access to the organization’s open positions though he still had his doubts about the efficiency of the HR systems.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He was not confident if the system could offer him the possible openings concerning the matter. In the Interim, he had an impermanent position for exclusive projects in his group, which was not a straight fit for Marion. Lorent marveled if this might have worked as a temporary position to take him back to Brussels. The third central issue dealt with an engineer by the name Pedro who had shifted to Brazil together with his family. He had been employed in Solvay plastics industry all through South America (Groysberg et al, 2009). His wife who was a therapist was unable to undertake her job in Belgium and Lorent now wondered whether Pedro’s family would go back to Brazil, which would negatively affect the development procedures of the company (Baumann, 2010). The last issue comprised of a paper work for a director shifting from Belgium to a plant in Asia. Lorent at this time knew that some persons were not able to acclimatize to new company and wondered whether this candidate would be given a new position in the organization. In this case, Lorent who is the head of Solvay faces verdicts on the b anishment position of four of his organizations talented administrators (Groysberg et al, 2009 p. 35). Each verdict in this case has an effect on the candidate’s specialized and personal life and is likely to have inferences for effective execution and expansion in Solvay’s worldwide markets. The case investigates these issues by looking at Solvay’s attempts to come up with an aptitude execution and mobility procedures that permit the firm to ally its tactical wants (Baumann, 2010). Discussion Marcel Lorent, the manager of human resources (HR) for worldwide mobility at Solvay group, faced the following challenges. The decision-making process had petite or no transparency and was not properly recognised by those outside the human resource department. As explained by Lorent, their consensus civilisation, and decision-making process signified that it was not constantly clear to a youthful manager how things in this organisation really worked. According to him, his employer might have had an opinion to sustain him while the manager in his home country would have had the opinion concerning what would be good for Solvay.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Workplace Ethics: Solvay Group- International Mobility and Managing Expatriates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussions concerning the four folders took a very long period and he did not understand the decision-making procedure fully. Marcel Lorent would also have to come to a decision on four expat procedures and since this four expats were not extraordinary instances he was on a dilemma (Groysberg et al, 2009 p. 24). When making decisions concerning an organisation, it is always important to involve and consult other members of the organisation. This is very meaningful because every decision made in an organisation affects the planning, performance management and other aspects of the organisation that if care is no t taken can lead to the fall of the company. This leads us to the question of how we can make a good and rational decision in an organisation (Baumann, 2010 p. 59). One way of doing this is to use rationale choice of paradigm, which is the conscious procedure of choosing among alternatives. The principle behind rationale choice paradigm choice is to take up the alternative that has the highest subjective expected utility. This can be used in a six-step process to arrive at a decision. The first step involves identification of the problem or an opportunity. The second step involves the actual process of making a decision. After the decision has been reached then identification and development of a possible solution is formulated. This is closely followed by choosing the alternative that has the highest subjected expected utility. The next step, which is the fifth entails actual implementation of the selected alternative. The final and sixth step involves evaluation of the implemented decision to see if it conforms to the organisation’s model (Groysberg et al, 2009 p. 37). Managers should be capable of identifying and comprehending major obstructions that may hinder the set and planned objectives to conquer the obstacles. Concentration and precedence to decision making is essential by all team members. A company that integrates planning and verdict making will be more beneficial since both help in company development.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order for companies to sufficiently develop plans, it is important that the managers have a clear comprehension of the business surrounding. Having a plain understanding of the business surrounding helps the managers to develop programmes and goals. Goals are vital to team’s efficiency and serve momentous purposes. They offer guidance, bearing, and assist the workforce in the company to identify where the company is heading. These goals must be practical and attainable. Work place ethics should pay particular accent on the role played by professionals on human resources in supporting and easing an ethical work surrounding within companies. The best alternative in this case study would thus involve choosing the alternative with the uppermost subjective expected efficacy. This would involve good planning, managing performances, and taking good care of the work force (Rask, 2008 p. 47). The human resource department should come up with reliable strategies for the IM plan and be more apparent about the expulsion procedure. It is, therefore, significant to lessen the exceptions since this require a divergence from paradigm protocol. The human resource department must also remain elastic to satisfy the strategic wants of the organization (Howells, 2005 p. 59). As shown in the above case, exclusive appeals are not extraordinary for the expat procedure. Standard set of rules are important when managing employees who operate in similar surroundings and have identical tasks (Solvay, 2007). It is, however, significant to make exclusions when requesting employees to shift to a new country to achieve experience of importance to Solvay, and predominantly when these persons are future leaders whose proficiency can help the company with augmentation in particular markets. As such, we advocate a full exemption for Fabrizio only. Fabrizio has been requested to shift from Italy to China due to the fact that he can really help the organisation with development efforts i n China. China is a big upcoming market with large and increasing household consumption. Shifting into such a market is a top tactical objective for Solvay. Since Fabrizio has an aged mother who resides with him, he should be allowed to have her repositioned to China with him. This would make it simpler for Fabrizio to resolve into his familiarity in China and his kids would likely be relaxed in their new residence (Baumann, 2010 p. 24). In the case of Joel Marion, we would request him to obtain the provisional special projects task until he gets a more fitting role. In the case of Pedro, who had shifted to Brazil together with his family, it should be ensured that he does not go back to Brazil since this would negatively affect the development procedures of the company. The company was required to integrate planning and verdict making since they are both advantageous procedures in company development. The last issue, which comprised a paper work for a director shifting from Belgium to a plant in Asia, was supposed to be sorted by assigning him a new position in the organization. To solve this issue, the managers would be required to have a clear comprehension of the business surrounding. Having a plain understanding of the business surrounding helps the managers to develop programmes and goals. Goals are vital to team’s efficiency and serve momentous purposes. They offer guidance, bearing, and assist the workforce in the company to identify where the company is heading. These goals must be practical and attainable (Howells, 2005 p.89). Ethical making of decisions in the modern business world is an everyday encounter. Many of the effects of these decisions in Solvay Group Company depend on the established company strategies. For Solvay to achieve ethical congruence on the view of human resources, it must clearly declare what it really values and what it expects from its employees. Clients, employees and the co-workers in this company should seek convent ional behavior that is allied with stated individual, workplace and self ruled values. Workplace diversity has been noted to be a central ethical issue which Lorent, the HR of Solvay faced. Based on human resources, it is recommended that the elements of workplace diversity should not be restrained to age, customs, lineage, sex, physical capacity, education, geographical location, proceeds, marriage status, religion and work experience. This is due to the fact that the potential success of an organisation depends on its capacity to manage a varied body of endowment that can lead to inventive ideas, opinions and perceptions to their work (Howells, 2005 p.112). The challenge and difficulties encountered due to workplace diversity can be changed into a strategic company asset if a corporation is capable of capitalising on diverse talents which is a melting pot in many companies. With the combination of talents of varying cultures, sexes, ages and ways of living, Solvay Group Company ca n respond to prospects more rapidly and resourcefully, especially in the international arena. More decisively, if the Solvay company environment does not sustain diversity widely, it might lose talent to opponent (Baumann, 2010 p. 24). In the above case, Solvay should encourage work place diversity. Conclusion The HR manager in Solvay, Lorent, must match the wants of the changing organisation, since for it to be victorious; it should become more flexible, resilient, and fast in changing directions and client centred. It is in this environment that the HR learns how to sufficiently manage his workforce through being knowledgeable of developing trends in workforce development and training. References Baumann, C. (2010). Workforce mobility using the example of the Solvay group: Human resource management. Munchen: GRIN Verlag GmbH. Groysberg, B., et al., (2009). Solvay Group: International Mobility and Managing Expatriates. Boston: Harvard Business School Howells, J. (2005). The managem ent of innovation and technology: The shaping of technology and institutions of the market economy. London: Sage Publications. Rask, R. (2008). Which ethical track are you on? Bloomington: Author House. Solvay S.A. (2007). Annual Report. Brussels: Solvay Group Corporate. This term paper on Workplace Ethics: Solvay Group- International Mobility and Managing Expatriates was written and submitted by user Reese Nolan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Christian Missionary Activity on Indigenous African Religion 1800

Christian Missionary Activity on Indigenous African Religion 1800 Introduction Religion is a very complex and wide issue. It can be defined as a set of beliefs in regard to the various aspects associated with the universe for example its cause, nature and purpose. The universe is perceived as the creation of a supernatural being and hence there are devotional practices and ritual performances that are directed towards the relationship between people and the superhuman being and a set of codes that oversee the way people attached to a certain religion behave.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Christian Missionary Activity on Indigenous African Religion 1800-1900s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It can also be said to be a particular set of beliefs and practices established and approved by a group of individuals such as Islamic, Buddhist, and Christian religions. Various parties were involved with the changes that have been experienced in the indigenous African religion. Christian mis sionary is one major factor that cannot be underemphasized when talking about religion in Africa. This piece of work looks at the issue of Christian missionary activity on indigenous African religion in the 19th and 20th century. The focus will be on the extent to which Christian missionary activity effectively suppresses the religious traditions which in one way or the other strived to replace it. The focus will be on the Europeans experiences with indigenous African religions especially those in East Africa. Background information Traditional or indigenous religion has been there as long as human beings have lived. In Africa, it was orally transmitted as opposed to the use of the scripture. There has been not much distinction when it comes to concepts of Islam and Christianity in most parts of Africa. This is because these aspects usually co-exist with components of indigenous spirituality. Although there have been a controversy on whether Islam should be termed as a traditional r eligion, a significant number of people argue that it is a traditional African religion based on the fact that it not only co-exist in Africa but it has also been absorbed into the African culture. Christian religion is also not a new aspect but rather a concept that have existed for approximately 2000 years. It mainly entails following the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Although the initial Christian church faced a lot of challenges and opposition from the Roman officials, Christianity spread rapidly. Right from the beginning, there was the belief that it is the responsibility of Christians to share their religious beliefs in an effort of converting others into Christianity. Starting from the early 19th century to the end of the 20th century, a significant number of Christian missionaries from different parts such as North America, Europe as well as West Indies was all over Africa. The work of Christian missionaries was enhanced in a way by the European colonialism. The main g oal of the missionaries was to spread Christianity as wide as possible through converting as many Africans as possible. This was made possible through teaching and preaching about Christianity1.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discussion General Overview Christian missionary is an aspect that is highly associated with the changes that have taken place in the field of religion in different parts of Africa. A Christian missionary can be defined as a member of a Christian-related religious group or association who is sent in specific areas with an aim of perpetrating some evangelism services such as education and promotion of literacy, promoting some economic development, enhancing social justice in some settings and more so teaching religious issues to the communities. The teachings could either be aimed at converting the people to some beliefs and practices or else t o inform them so that they may make an informed decision in regard to religious practices. Christian missionary activity in African countries between the 19th and 20th centuries was not without some notable impacts but rather, some of its effects are still felt up to the present times. Just like any other aspect Christian missionary activity is linked with both positive as well as negative effects on many aspects more especially indigenous African religion. Although it is clear that there were positive changes brought about by the Christian missionary activity, it is much easier to spot the negative attributes for instance where the African were forced into some practices instead of being given the freedom to choose on how to live their religious lives. All in all, from the available literature on this topic of discussion, it is evident that there existed the concept of religious syncretism where there were instances of a variation of beliefs among the individuals involved. This is more so because of the diversity that exist among human beings making uniformity in ideas and perceptions to be somehow a hard concept to achieve. This difference helps in bringing out both positive as well as negative attributes that are associated with Christian missionary activity2. Although the Whites or rather the non-Africans were involved with most of the missionary related work especially the preaching of the gospel, the process was not effective until the Africans themselves were actively involved in the work, either voluntarily or under some pressures from the missionaries. This was more so when it came to the issue of preaching the gospel with the name of bringing about some desirable changes among the African communities, or rather changing some of the beliefs that were so much engraved into the indigenous African religious beliefs to fit the beliefs of the missionaries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Christian Missionary Activity on Indigenous African Religion 1800-1900s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Missionary work through the Africans was deemed to be more effective than that perpetrated by the Whites since they were able to understand the Africans better and interact with them using their local languages. Some of the active African missionary groups include the National Baptist convention and the African Episcopal Methodists among other groups. In as much as there is usually a strong belief that Christianity brought about by missionaries was a form of suppression of the indigenous African religions, there was more to this as this research will clearly reveal to us. Much evident can also be deduced from the situation that prevails in religion today. There are still varied religious beliefs shaped by what different religious groups perceive to be right and wrong, based on some doctrinal backgrounds. Form this reason; we can therefore state that the Christian missionaries had both positive and negative effects towards the African religions although the positive impacts seem to surpass the negative ones. This is because the missionary activities were accompanied by a lot of social and economic developments. In the process of perpetrating their missions in different African countries, the missionaries faced some challenges in the form of rejection and resistance from the African. This can be drawn from the natural attitude exhibited by human beings as they tend to resist change mainly because of some doubt in a new aspect or else because of the fear of the unknown and the need to adapt to the changes. For this reason, we can find some instances where there existed different levels of conflict between the Christian missionaries and the Africans. Despite the conflicts, there still exist some instances of friendly coexistence between Christianity and the indigenous African religious traditions. The conflicts arose when the Christian missionaries decided to re voke traditional practices in an unruly manner rather than impacting sense into the Africans or incorporating the changes in the existing practices. Friendly coexistence on the other hand was experienced whenever there was mutual benefit to be achieved by parties, the missionaries and the Africans3. In order to gain a deeper understanding of this issue it is good to ask ourselves about the various issues and circumstances that surrounded the issue of conversion from traditional religious beliefs into the so called modernized Christian missionary beliefs. A brief analysis of the conversion process is also crucial.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conversion entails changing the traditional Africans and the Muslims into Christianity and their practices. Although the conversion process out to be a smooth one, without force, it was not the case but rather the missionaries opted to achieve their target and goals irrespective of the means they used without caring about the consequences involved. This left some people to suffer as a result of opposing what the missionaries wanted. From research, it is evident that the conversion processes was in most cases associated with a lot of evil, deception, persecution as well as exploitation. Despite this, we still cannot underemphasize the fact that the conversion also had some benefits. In as much this paper focuses on Christianity as the main religion of discussion, there is need to cover the concept of Islam especially in the in the context of being a product of slave trade in different parts of East Africa. Christianity has been associated with slave trade. For instance the Roman Cath olic Church and other protestant religious groups in Europe did not contest slave trade. Some even used the bible to base their arguments about slavery and slave trade. Muslims were however the majority of people who were on the receiving end. This does not however imply that Christians and members of other religions were not involved in the slavery trade. There has been great struggle between Christianity and Islam where the Christians usually perceive themselves to be more superior to the Muslims. For this reason, the Christians have been on the fight towards outdoing the Muslims in different ways especially through converting them into Christianity. However, it has not been a smooth move but rather one full of conflicts especially due to the fact that there are very parallel beliefs between the Islamic and Christianity religions. Each religion tries to defend itself based on the doctrinal beliefs and so the only solution left is to respect each other and look for ways through whi ch they can both co-exist in harmony and peace. This is part of exercising freedom of religion or rather worship. Nevertheless, with the passage of time some Christians were able to stand against slave trade. They strategically used the bible to oppose slavery as they could not really point out the scriptures that advocated for slavery. African Christians are also credited for their fight to abolish slavery. Through their anti-slavery movements, most slaves converted into Christianity and hence helping greatly to the achievement of the Christian missionaries’ main agenda. Following the existence of numerous changes that have taken place in the indigenous African religion as a result of Christian missionary activity, there has been a notable increase in the attempts to come up with a global church history that in one way or the other reflects the changed realities and at the same time, exposes all aspects that are associated with everything that surrounded the changes. Various writers have tried to bring out the issue in different perspectives all in an effort of enhancing understanding of the issue among people. For further understanding of the concept of Christianity, I would suggest that there be comprehensive comparative studies in the history of Christianity and its role in transforming the indigenous African religion4. Apart from discussing the topic in general I will take some African countries as examples to enhance our understanding in regard to the changes experienced in indigenous African religion as a result of the Christian missionary activity. Some of the countries that I will cover include Botswana, Zimbabwe as well as South Africa. Zimbabwe and Religion Just like any other, Traditional Zimbabwe religion is unique. What is clear is that the religion has a strong monotheistic profession of faith which is rooted in the belief of a Supreme creator or God. However, there has been a change that was brought out by the Christian missionary activi ty in the country. The faith that prevails among the communities in Zimbabwe is now melded into a part traditional and part Christian. The joint faith has gathered a lot of support from the local community. The traditional concept of this two-sided faith in Zimbabwe is entrenched in the custom of presenting all prayer needs to the supreme God mainly through the family ancestors. There was some form of opposition in the course of adapting the new beliefs that were brought about by the missionaries. A notable example was when the Ndebele took up arms against the European missionaries in the year 1986. This was after a consultation and agreement was made between priests and the so called oracles of ‘the place of the benevolent spirits’. The early Christian missionaries in this country realized the holiness of the Shona and Ndebele and more so the strong belief they had upon their God. For this reason, they opted to adopt the local concept into their scriptural teachings an d practices making it one and the same with the Christian faith. This made things better since the missionary Christianity did not seem to be a completely new concept and thus did not face a lot of opposition as a result of the change. There is a coexistence of the traditional religion and the modern Christianity concepts. A significant percentage of the country’s population has however believed in Christianity outright mainly the Roman Catholic. Nonetheless there are great followers of denominations such as the Anglican, Methodist, Seventh Day Adventists, Apostolic, Presbyterian, Salvation Army as well as Baptist. The first missionary stations were established in the year 1859 at Inyati and at hope fountain in 1870. The two were controlled by the London Missionary Society. Other mission centres followed as years passed by. The Zimbabweans took a relatively long time before they took charge of the missionary related activities such as teaching and preaching. Although Zimbabwe religion is dominated by Christianity, it also has some Hindus, Muslims and Jews5. Botswana and Religion This is a republic in central southern Africa. The first missionaries to perpetrate Christianity activity in Botswana were Elder Bruce Midgley and his wife by the name of Sister Patricia Midgley under the direction of Pres. R.J. Snow, the then South Africa Johannesburg Mission leader. Approximately 50 percent of the total population in Botswana is Christian. The missionaries considered Botswana to be a very promising country where the gospel would be easily spread and in future, many stations ought to be set up to reinforce Christianity missions. In a nutshell, despite the fact that Botswana cannot be claimed to be an absolute Christian country, it is evident that the Christian faith in the country has played a critical role in nation building through bringing about a lot of development projects as well as promoting high levels of education and literacy among the communities. Th e most notable Christian church in the country is the London Missionary Society/ the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa. This church among other religious groups greatly changed the beliefs that were engraved in the indigenous African religion. Christianity effects can also be felt in other sectors for instance the economy, politics as well as education. It also changed the way of life of the people in Botswana as they had changed perceptions towards various life issues. The London Missionary Society aimed at converting the Batswana to Christianity and thus they persuaded the people to do away with the traditional practices they were used to for instance polygamy, rain making, alcohol, witchcraft, initiation schools as well as dowry issues that in one way or the other contradicted with Christianity practices. Even currently, the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa (UCCSA) leads in various developmental projects in Botswana for instance in politics, education , health as well as politics6. South Africa and Religion South Africa was also not exempted from Christian missionary activity. Right towards the end of the 18th century, European missionaries played a pivotal role in the transformation of the African community in South Africa. Christianity in this region came along with other aspects of civilization and development. European missionary’s activity in South Africa is a concept that is very interesting in that it had a lot of contribution in the region. The missionaries for instance aimed at serving humanity and more so bringing about social and other changes aimed at improving their quality of life. They however had a negative side where they were so much into moral righteousness that they saw the Africans to be very wrong and judged their practices wrongly due to lack of understanding. It is important to note that missionaries and Christianity were accepted in South Africa as a result of the positive changes they were able to bring along for instance on the side of technological advancement like irrigation practices. It is also worth noting that it was not an easy aspect for the missionaries to covert the Africans in South Africa since most of them had other personal agendas such as the attainment of psychological security and to gain other material advantage other then spiritual reasons. Converts were also not appreciated by the rest of the society and for this reasons it took a relatively long time for the missionaries to reach their target in South Africa7. Conclusion From the above discussion, it is evident there exist a lot of discussion elements in relation to the topic of study; Christian Missionary Activity on Indigenous African Religion in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Christian missionaries are associated with bringing a lot of changes among the African communities not only in regard to religious issues but also when it comes to other general life aspects for instance literacy and education as well as economic developments among other aspects. All in all, Religion is a very complex and wide issue. Various parties were involved with the changes that have been experienced in the indigenous African religion, the Christian missionaries being a major element. The main goal of the missionaries was to spread Christianity as wide as possible through converting as many Africans as possible. This was made possible through teaching and preaching about Christianity among the local African communities. Although the Whites or rather the non-Africans were involved with most of the missionary related work especially the preaching of the gospel, the process was not effective until the Africans themselves were actively involved in the work, either voluntarily or under some pressures from the missionaries. The Africans are therefore deemed to have played a great role in effecting the changes that were experienced in the indigenous African religion. Bibliography Chidester, D. (2001). Chr istianity: A Global History. New York, Penguin. Chidester, D. (1996). Savage systems: colonialism and comparative religion in southern Africa. Cape Town, University Press of Virginia. Cool, E.D and Cool, M.S. (1990). â€Å"Missionary work begins in Botswana† Web. Zvobgo, J.M.C (1996). A History of Christian Missions in Zimbabwe, 1890-1939. Gweru, Mambo Press, Zambezia XXIV (ii) 412pp. Footnotes 1 D. Chidester (2001). Christianity: A Global History. New York, Penguin 2 D. Chidester (1996). Savage systems: colonialism and comparative religion in southern Africa. Cape Town, University Press of Virginia 3 D. Chidester (2001). Christianity: A Global History. New York, Penguin 4 D. Chidester (1996). Savage systems: colonialism and comparative religion in southern Africa. Cape Town, University Press of Virginia 5 J.M.C Zvobgo (1996). A History of Christian Missions in Zimbabwe, 1890-1939. Gweru, Mambo Press, Zambezia XXIV (ii) 412pp 6 E.D Cool and M.S. Cool (1990). â€Å"Missionary work begins in Botswana† 7 D. Chidester (1996). Savage systems: colonialism and comparative religion in southern Africa. Cape Town, University Press of Virginia

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