The Age of Depression Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Age of Depression - Article Example 156). In this way, the creators underline that downturn is a term utilized both too broadly and too barely. Therapists who use it also generally apply it to different typical states, similar to bitterness and sadness, and assorted unusual states, similar to distrustful loss of motion because of dread, and over the top undecided loss of motion. Progressive changes in psychiatry permit distinguish new causes and indication of passionate and mental issue delegated gloom. The creators focus on qualities and shortcomings of such kinds as DSM I and DSM II releases. The new version, DSM III proposed another way to deal with mental determination models. In this manner, the creator underline that 'the fundamental disadvantage of manifestation based measures was they wiped out the thought of the setting wherein the side effects emerged (Horwitz and Wakefield 2005, p. 157). The creators consider research examines looking at factual outcomes got during 1980s and 1990s. They found that a few spec ialists who apply the idea too barely deny burdensome elements in others to conceal them in themselves, from themselves. Or on the other hand the determination isn't made in light of the fact that the patient masks the sickness: (1) as a conduct manifestation; (2) as an attitudinal side effect; (3) as a physical indication; (4) as another mental issue. The creators guarantee that the primary confinement of these examinations that they disregarded the setting of manifestations. As the most significant, the customary side effect based methodology is anything but difficult to utilize however it is less compelling. The depiction of the clinical signs of melancholy is sorted out as indicated by the boundaries of the psychological status assessment. While the finding of sorrow isn't justified except if a noteworthy number of the signs and side effects are available, it ought to be associated even in the nearness with only a couple of them. The creators express that it is essential to make qualification between the typical and bitterness reactions so as to give viable treatment since clinical impedance in ordinary misery can be even hurtful (Horwitz and Wakefield 2005, p. 159). Horwitz and Wakefield arrive at resolution that DSM III has numerous impediments and deficient measures which caused 'unintended ramifications' for overall population and society. The writers of the articles talk about a significant issue of measures applied to the condition of despondency and negative outcomes of misdiagnosis. I concur with the creators that it is significant to apply both side effect based and content-based models to analyze mental scatters. As indicated by DSM III, therapists analyze sadness from burdensome like side effects that are in certainty part of another disorder. Since indications trademark for wretchedness are additionally trademark for different scatters, most burdensome manifestations have a differential analysis. For example, a patient can be misdiagnosed as discouraged in light of the fact that he/she can't identify with others. Now and again, therapists analyze wretchedness without disease. This happens when typical ill humor is misidentified as melancholy. Here the clinician neglects to recognize getting discouraged from having a clinical sadness, the indication from the condition. The fundamental confinements of the article are absence of ebb and flow research and factual information. The creator utilize factual data and examination contemplates

Native American and European Contributions to the U.S. Development Research Paper

Local American and European Contributions to the U.S. Advancement - Research Paper Example This exploration will start with the explanation that the United States is one of the most remarkable and effective nations on the planet, which is connected to their different social orders and societies. The nation is â€Å"representing worldwide force regarding monetary and military assets dependent on national grounds like no other unit†. Additionally, it is a spot for various settlers from everywhere throughout the world, which have positive impacts on the U.S. current monetary and military status. The way of life and social orders they have today are framed from various pilgrims or colonizers they have encountered, especially from Asia, Middle East, and Europe. In light of an aggregate definition, culture depends on reflected qualities, standards, and practices that are executed by a person in the general public, which is for the most part originating from past ages or social orders. Moreover, there is nothing of the sort as great or total culture anyplace on the planet since assorted variety will consistently be available as far as divided populace, socioeconomics, convictions, understandings, financial status, and some more. Be that as it may, assorted variety is emphatically seen by numerous individuals around the globe, and they are utilizing this idea to improve their social and economic wellbeing by acquainting the idea; this occasion is ordinarily known as the consideration. Social contrasts have huge impacts to present day social orders or social gatherings. In this way, there is no sure network or nation that has an unadulterated character of culture as far as practices, perspectives, values, and so forth., however the way of life has made a nation one of a kind and isolated. Decent variety and incorporation have various implications and various utilizations, however they required each other to have a well-work and steady framework or society. Assorted variety implies â€Å"difference† in numerous things/occasions while consideratio n is the â€Å"capacity to incorporate difference† or how to make decent variety functions. The idea of decent variety is the aggregation of everything including occasions, characters, theory, encounters, ways of life, race, sexual orientation, and so forth., which are picked up from past pioneers or ages. All the more frequently, decent variety is considered as a boundary that is unequivocally felt in national societies and complex social orders; nonetheless, it doesn't mean the idea doesn't exist in the household bargain. The early individuals are moving starting with one nation then onto the next, and as they crossed land outskirts, societies have been passed, however the procedure is progressively confused. In any case, it is accepted that assorted variety is crucial for the continuous presence of humankind since it â€Å"widens the scope of choices open to everybody; it is one of the underlying foundations of advancement, comprehended not just as far as monetary develop ment, yet in addition as a way to accomplish an increasingly palatable scholarly, passionate, good and otherworldly existence†. Then again, the idea of consideration is worried about the use of assorted variety to settle cultural issues, change contrasts as a significant instrument to mankind, and become helpful to the general government assistance. Inclusion’s job in decent variety could be delineated as far as standards or activities that are in favor to the general population, and it will assist various individuals with understanding and respect the distinctions inside their locale. The idea of decent variety or consideration in the U.S. setting is found in the country’s different societies and complex social gatherings, which are some of today’s most remarkable issues.

My Experience in DGS

My Experience in DGS Last year, I came to the University of Illinois as a student in the Division of General Studies (DGS). Originally, I applied to be in the College of Business but was instead offered admission into DGS. Although I wished to be in my college of choice, I accepted the offer and came to Illinois with an open mind. At my summer orientation, my adviser recommended that I take ADV 150 because it might be a class I would like. On the first day of classes, I went to ADV 150 and fell in love with my future major, advertising. Later on, I looked through all of the classes I would be taking if I majored in advertising; I knew that all of those classes would be about subjects I not only loved but also could succeed at. After talking more with my advisor, I learned I would need to work hard to receive good grades, get super involved in media-oriented clubs and organizations, and write a great essay to get into the College of Media, where my coveted major was. From that day on, I did everything I could to make sure my dream could become a reality. Soon, I became a member of the American Advertising Federation and also started working on the social media and web writing teams of the on-campus radio station, WPGU. In each of my classes, I studied hard, and if I didnt know something, I always went to office hours. In my second semester, it was time to fill out the transfer application for the College of Media. I wrote an essay about my love for the world of advertising and how everything I had done so far in my freshman year had helped me learn more about the profession. It was extremely rewarding to know that all of my hard work was paying off when I received an email confirming my admission into the College of Media. My experience in DGS was quite helpful to my experience at the University of Illinois. Without being in DGS, I may never have discovered that advertising was the perfect major for me. Whether you are a student in DGS who  knows what you want to major in or not, the experience of being in DGS will help you grow exponentially as a student. Always remember that even if you dont see what lies ahead on your academic path, you can always find a way to learn more about what you love. Jacob Class of 2019 I’m an Advertising student within the College of Media. My hometown is a place called Fairmount, Illinois, which is about 30 minutes from campus. I began my Illinois journey in the Division of General Studies.

Review Of The Kitab Al Fihrist - 1546 Words

Early references[edit] In 988 Ibn al-Nadim compiled the Kitab al-Fihrist which mentions Jabir as a spiritual follower and as a companion to Jafar as-Sadiq, the sixth Shia Imam. In another reference al-Nadim reports that a group of philosophers claimed Jabir was one of their own members. Another group, reported by al-Nadim, says only The Large Book of Mercy is genuine and that the rest are pseudographical. Their assertions are rejected by al-Nadim.[9] Joining al-Nadim in asserting a real Jabir; Ibn-Wahshiyya (Jaber ibn Hayyn al-Sufi ...book on poison is a great work...) Rejecting a real Jabir; (the philosopher c. 970) Abu Sulayman al-Mantiqi claims the real author is one al-Hasan ibn al-Nakad al-Mawili. The 14th century critic of Arabic†¦show more content†¦After the Abbasids took power, Jabir went back to Kufa. He began his career practicing medicine, under the patronage of a Vizir (from the noble Persian family Barmakids) of Caliph Harun al-Rashid. His connections to the Barmakid cost him dearly in the end. When that family fell from grace in 803, Jabir was placed under house arrest in Kufa, where he remained until his death. It has been asserted that Jabir was a student of the sixth Imam Ja far al-Sadiq and Harbi al-Himyari;[9][17] however, other scholars have questioned this theory.[18] The Jabirian corpus[edit] An illustration of the various experiments and instruments used by Jabir Ibn Hayyan. In total, nearly 3,000 treatises and articles are credited to Jabir ibn Hayyan.[19] Following the pioneering work of Paul Kraus, who demonstrated that a corpus of some several hundred works ascribed to JÄ bir were probably a medley from different hands,[11]:3[20] mostly dating to the late 9th and early 10th centuries, many scholars believe that many of these works consist of commentaries and additions by his followers,[citation needed] particularly of an Ismaili persuasion.[21] The scope of the corpus is vast: cosmology, music, medicine, magic, biology, chemical technology, geometry, grammar, metaphysics, logic, artificial generation of living beings, along with astrological predictions, and symbolic Imà ¢mà ® myths.[11]:5 The 112 Books

The Secret to National Junior Honor Society Essay Samples Studymode

The Secret to National Junior Honor Society Essay Samples Studymode Leadership is among the most essential traits to have not just in school but outside too. Parent or Teacher nominations aren't accepted. You should be nominated by means of a faculty member at your school. If your school doesn't have a chapter, encourage your principal to understand how to begin a chapter. I am aware that volunteer work is extremely significant in the National Junior Honor Society. Without each, the school would almost certainly be just as with any other school. A central function of the principal is to acquire buy-in from the faculty for the undertaking. My academic qualifications prove that my dedication and individual qualities will go quite a distance in my general development. I believe that I've the necessary skills and motivation that could be used efficiently by your organization. The objective is a written presentation of yourself to show that you're a prospective candidate for membership owing to your distinctive abilities. It is suggested to look for the one which has a superior reputation and offers high-quality papers at very affordable prices. By way of example, information co ncerning NHS scholarships, chapters, activities, awards, and the way to begin a chapter can readily be accessed through their site. As members, students are expected to attend monthly meetings and take part in service projects. National Junior Honor Society Essay Samples Studymode Secrets That No One Else Knows About They will supply you with those samples as it is important to them to clearly show their respect for a customer and their professional dedication to the area. This is particularly important as it will be essential to devote class time on the RSVP approach. If you're a strong candidate, you need to have perfect grammar. Students may ask the way the selection process was conducted, but there isn't any requirement an explanation of why a specific student wasn't selected be explained. List all skills which you think will enable you to develop into a member of the organization. It is an overall letter of application where you could incorporate all of your experience , explain why you're an excellent leader, community, team member. Being a real leader gives me the chance to work in a team and consider my peers' ideas to produce our plans creative and pleasurable for everybody. Possessing an excellent character can help you in turning into a wonderful leader without forgetting to be a scholar. The Do's and Don'ts of National Junior Honor Society Essay Samples Studymode This piece of text will attempt to explain exactly what this essay is about and offer you some vital suggestions on what you should do to write it correctly. This text will act as a national honor society essay example and will demonstrate one of the potential tactics to write it correctly. It can be used as a national junior honor society application essay example as well. Essay writing isn't always easy. Get some experience outside before you begin your essay. It is vital that the application essay is personal and distinctive. A well-written essay doesn't guarantee that you are going to be accepted into an organization, much is dependent on whether you fulfill the selection criteria. Be attentive since it is merely a sample and you cannot copy it to your work. Even in the event you give yourself enough time to create a few drafts, the level of your papers can stay low. All is possible if you'd like to obtain a paper since there are many essayA writing services where you find writers with perfect abilities and qualities who can assist. Your paper needs to be unique. When you have identified a need'' in your community, give critical idea to potential effective method to fulfill the need or manage the issue. If you aren't ready to fail, you will not have an original thought or an original concept, he explained. Whenever I get a chance I be su re you assist and show different people mine. This is only an extra opportunity to impress the readers. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for National Junior Honor Society Essay Samples Studymode One of these dreams is to get an honor to be a portion of NHS society. It was the best thing to do. You need to try to reflect the significance of the text and its central idea by just one short sentence. In an attempt to hook the reader's attention, the very first creative text ought to be the topic. The National Junior Honor Society Essay Samples Studymode Cover Up State your principal reason to develop into a member of the group. I myself am a tough worker at school and always attempting to do my very best. If that's the case, check your student handbook or speak with somebody in your primary office to recognize the chapter adviser. The use of the student council adviser is critically important and multifaceted. Chapters can likewise be found in international schools and America n schools across the world. Some Faculty Councils may want to interpret leadership in regard to the variety of offices held in school or community organizations. For instance, there will be chapter meetings.

An Adventure in Space Summary 2 Free Essays

The mission was carried out successfully and I was on my way back to earth with my friends. Suddenly, an unidentified flying object appeared and it somehow forced our spacecraft to land on another planet. On the planet, a very strange looking creature met us. We will write a custom essay sample on An Adventure in Space Summary 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now This creature took my crew and me to see its master. I saw another alien sitting on a very high throne. That must be their master. It wore a crown and looked like all the strange looking creatures in the room but its head was very much bigger. All the aliens had four eyes, two heads and six legs. They had a white body and no hair. The strange unknown planet looked like a prison, no worst †¦ a dungeon. There was a very high wall all around the planet. It had many buildings and everywhere you went, you could hear the wailing sounds coming from small cells. We were scared but they gave us some food, which smelt like rotten fish. The smell was so strong that we had to hold our breath in order not to faint. No one dared to touch the food. The next day, we were given a long list of things to do but they were in a language that we could not understand at all. They whipped us and put us in a small cell. After that, they conducted experiments on us. A few of us died but the rest of us who survived were put back into the cell. One day, the aliens who brought us to our cell forgot to lock the door so we escaped through the door. Soon we boarded our own spaceship and flew back to earth. We had a horrifying experience but no one believed us! After this, I never dared to go into space ever again. How to cite An Adventure in Space Summary 2, Papers

Workplace Ethics Solvay Group

Introduction Solvay group is a company located in Brussels. It deals with worldwide chemical and pharmaceutical products and distributes these products internationally in various regions such as Europe, NAFTA, Mercosur and Asia Pacific. By 2007, the group had 28,000 employees and the groups net sales from its three divisions were well over â‚ ¬ 28,000 millions (Brussels, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Workplace Ethics: Solvay Group- International Mobility and Managing Expatriates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In May 2008, the company human resource manager, Marcel Lorent was at a crossroad on who to pick for the best candidate position for an expatriate job. Before him, there were four folders each containing the details of each candidate (Groysberg et al, 2009 p. 2). The organizations goal is to assist the expats on everyway via all matters concerning the expat procedure. An expats progress an d transition would be tricky and complicated and until lately, the system in this organization had not at all times concentrated on how to make simpler the experience of each expert. Lorents group had executed several modifications whose goal was to make all phases of the expat procedure in this organization easier to comprehend though there was a room for perfection. Four candidates who had made exceptional requests, which were not extraordinary for an expat procedure, were used (Groysberg et al, 2009 p. 9). The first folder comprised of paperwork for a youthful manager by the name Ponte who was supposed to shift from Italy to the organizations China undertakings. He had shown some reluctance to shift since he looked after his mother who resided single handedly in Italy. Solvay expat policy, however, had made it clear that only pressing families were appropriate to be shifted. Lorent in this case was frightened by the fact that Solvay would lose Ponte if they were not capable of as sisting him to find a solution to this problem. Lorent wondered whether he should make an exemption and get a way to allow Ponte shift with his mother. The second central issue involved Joel Marion who was a manager from a previous Solvay sector that had its headquarters in Detroit (Groysberg et al, 2009 p. 18). He was seeking to go back to Brussels following 13 years in Mexico and America. Lorent, however, was not aware of apt positions that would utilize Marion’s extensive know how and offer him the opportunity to continually improve and advance his career prospects at the company. Lorent had access to the organization’s open positions though he still had his doubts about the efficiency of the HR systems.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He was not confident if the system could offer him the possible openings concerning the matter. In the Interim, he had an impermanent position for exclusive projects in his group, which was not a straight fit for Marion. Lorent marveled if this might have worked as a temporary position to take him back to Brussels. The third central issue dealt with an engineer by the name Pedro who had shifted to Brazil together with his family. He had been employed in Solvay plastics industry all through South America (Groysberg et al, 2009). His wife who was a therapist was unable to undertake her job in Belgium and Lorent now wondered whether Pedro’s family would go back to Brazil, which would negatively affect the development procedures of the company (Baumann, 2010). The last issue comprised of a paper work for a director shifting from Belgium to a plant in Asia. Lorent at this time knew that some persons were not able to acclimatize to new company and wondered whether this candidate would be given a new position in the organization. In this case, Lorent who is the head of Solvay faces verdicts on the b anishment position of four of his organizations talented administrators (Groysberg et al, 2009 p. 35). Each verdict in this case has an effect on the candidate’s specialized and personal life and is likely to have inferences for effective execution and expansion in Solvay’s worldwide markets. The case investigates these issues by looking at Solvay’s attempts to come up with an aptitude execution and mobility procedures that permit the firm to ally its tactical wants (Baumann, 2010). Discussion Marcel Lorent, the manager of human resources (HR) for worldwide mobility at Solvay group, faced the following challenges. The decision-making process had petite or no transparency and was not properly recognised by those outside the human resource department. As explained by Lorent, their consensus civilisation, and decision-making process signified that it was not constantly clear to a youthful manager how things in this organisation really worked. According to him, his employer might have had an opinion to sustain him while the manager in his home country would have had the opinion concerning what would be good for Solvay.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Workplace Ethics: Solvay Group- International Mobility and Managing Expatriates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussions concerning the four folders took a very long period and he did not understand the decision-making procedure fully. Marcel Lorent would also have to come to a decision on four expat procedures and since this four expats were not extraordinary instances he was on a dilemma (Groysberg et al, 2009 p. 24). When making decisions concerning an organisation, it is always important to involve and consult other members of the organisation. This is very meaningful because every decision made in an organisation affects the planning, performance management and other aspects of the organisation that if care is no t taken can lead to the fall of the company. This leads us to the question of how we can make a good and rational decision in an organisation (Baumann, 2010 p. 59). One way of doing this is to use rationale choice of paradigm, which is the conscious procedure of choosing among alternatives. The principle behind rationale choice paradigm choice is to take up the alternative that has the highest subjective expected utility. This can be used in a six-step process to arrive at a decision. The first step involves identification of the problem or an opportunity. The second step involves the actual process of making a decision. After the decision has been reached then identification and development of a possible solution is formulated. This is closely followed by choosing the alternative that has the highest subjected expected utility. The next step, which is the fifth entails actual implementation of the selected alternative. The final and sixth step involves evaluation of the implemented decision to see if it conforms to the organisation’s model (Groysberg et al, 2009 p. 37). Managers should be capable of identifying and comprehending major obstructions that may hinder the set and planned objectives to conquer the obstacles. Concentration and precedence to decision making is essential by all team members. A company that integrates planning and verdict making will be more beneficial since both help in company development.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order for companies to sufficiently develop plans, it is important that the managers have a clear comprehension of the business surrounding. Having a plain understanding of the business surrounding helps the managers to develop programmes and goals. Goals are vital to team’s efficiency and serve momentous purposes. They offer guidance, bearing, and assist the workforce in the company to identify where the company is heading. These goals must be practical and attainable. Work place ethics should pay particular accent on the role played by professionals on human resources in supporting and easing an ethical work surrounding within companies. The best alternative in this case study would thus involve choosing the alternative with the uppermost subjective expected efficacy. This would involve good planning, managing performances, and taking good care of the work force (Rask, 2008 p. 47). The human resource department should come up with reliable strategies for the IM plan and be more apparent about the expulsion procedure. It is, therefore, significant to lessen the exceptions since this require a divergence from paradigm protocol. The human resource department must also remain elastic to satisfy the strategic wants of the organization (Howells, 2005 p. 59). As shown in the above case, exclusive appeals are not extraordinary for the expat procedure. Standard set of rules are important when managing employees who operate in similar surroundings and have identical tasks (Solvay, 2007). It is, however, significant to make exclusions when requesting employees to shift to a new country to achieve experience of importance to Solvay, and predominantly when these persons are future leaders whose proficiency can help the company with augmentation in particular markets. As such, we advocate a full exemption for Fabrizio only. Fabrizio has been requested to shift from Italy to China due to the fact that he can really help the organisation with development efforts i n China. China is a big upcoming market with large and increasing household consumption. Shifting into such a market is a top tactical objective for Solvay. Since Fabrizio has an aged mother who resides with him, he should be allowed to have her repositioned to China with him. This would make it simpler for Fabrizio to resolve into his familiarity in China and his kids would likely be relaxed in their new residence (Baumann, 2010 p. 24). In the case of Joel Marion, we would request him to obtain the provisional special projects task until he gets a more fitting role. In the case of Pedro, who had shifted to Brazil together with his family, it should be ensured that he does not go back to Brazil since this would negatively affect the development procedures of the company. The company was required to integrate planning and verdict making since they are both advantageous procedures in company development. The last issue, which comprised a paper work for a director shifting from Belgium to a plant in Asia, was supposed to be sorted by assigning him a new position in the organization. To solve this issue, the managers would be required to have a clear comprehension of the business surrounding. Having a plain understanding of the business surrounding helps the managers to develop programmes and goals. Goals are vital to team’s efficiency and serve momentous purposes. They offer guidance, bearing, and assist the workforce in the company to identify where the company is heading. These goals must be practical and attainable (Howells, 2005 p.89). Ethical making of decisions in the modern business world is an everyday encounter. Many of the effects of these decisions in Solvay Group Company depend on the established company strategies. For Solvay to achieve ethical congruence on the view of human resources, it must clearly declare what it really values and what it expects from its employees. Clients, employees and the co-workers in this company should seek convent ional behavior that is allied with stated individual, workplace and self ruled values. Workplace diversity has been noted to be a central ethical issue which Lorent, the HR of Solvay faced. Based on human resources, it is recommended that the elements of workplace diversity should not be restrained to age, customs, lineage, sex, physical capacity, education, geographical location, proceeds, marriage status, religion and work experience. This is due to the fact that the potential success of an organisation depends on its capacity to manage a varied body of endowment that can lead to inventive ideas, opinions and perceptions to their work (Howells, 2005 p.112). The challenge and difficulties encountered due to workplace diversity can be changed into a strategic company asset if a corporation is capable of capitalising on diverse talents which is a melting pot in many companies. With the combination of talents of varying cultures, sexes, ages and ways of living, Solvay Group Company ca n respond to prospects more rapidly and resourcefully, especially in the international arena. More decisively, if the Solvay company environment does not sustain diversity widely, it might lose talent to opponent (Baumann, 2010 p. 24). In the above case, Solvay should encourage work place diversity. Conclusion The HR manager in Solvay, Lorent, must match the wants of the changing organisation, since for it to be victorious; it should become more flexible, resilient, and fast in changing directions and client centred. It is in this environment that the HR learns how to sufficiently manage his workforce through being knowledgeable of developing trends in workforce development and training. References Baumann, C. (2010). Workforce mobility using the example of the Solvay group: Human resource management. Munchen: GRIN Verlag GmbH. Groysberg, B., et al., (2009). Solvay Group: International Mobility and Managing Expatriates. Boston: Harvard Business School Howells, J. (2005). The managem ent of innovation and technology: The shaping of technology and institutions of the market economy. London: Sage Publications. Rask, R. (2008). Which ethical track are you on? Bloomington: Author House. Solvay S.A. (2007). Annual Report. Brussels: Solvay Group Corporate. This term paper on Workplace Ethics: Solvay Group- International Mobility and Managing Expatriates was written and submitted by user Reese Nolan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Christian Missionary Activity on Indigenous African Religion 1800

Christian Missionary Activity on Indigenous African Religion 1800 Introduction Religion is a very complex and wide issue. It can be defined as a set of beliefs in regard to the various aspects associated with the universe for example its cause, nature and purpose. The universe is perceived as the creation of a supernatural being and hence there are devotional practices and ritual performances that are directed towards the relationship between people and the superhuman being and a set of codes that oversee the way people attached to a certain religion behave.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Christian Missionary Activity on Indigenous African Religion 1800-1900s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It can also be said to be a particular set of beliefs and practices established and approved by a group of individuals such as Islamic, Buddhist, and Christian religions. Various parties were involved with the changes that have been experienced in the indigenous African religion. Christian mis sionary is one major factor that cannot be underemphasized when talking about religion in Africa. This piece of work looks at the issue of Christian missionary activity on indigenous African religion in the 19th and 20th century. The focus will be on the extent to which Christian missionary activity effectively suppresses the religious traditions which in one way or the other strived to replace it. The focus will be on the Europeans experiences with indigenous African religions especially those in East Africa. Background information Traditional or indigenous religion has been there as long as human beings have lived. In Africa, it was orally transmitted as opposed to the use of the scripture. There has been not much distinction when it comes to concepts of Islam and Christianity in most parts of Africa. This is because these aspects usually co-exist with components of indigenous spirituality. Although there have been a controversy on whether Islam should be termed as a traditional r eligion, a significant number of people argue that it is a traditional African religion based on the fact that it not only co-exist in Africa but it has also been absorbed into the African culture. Christian religion is also not a new aspect but rather a concept that have existed for approximately 2000 years. It mainly entails following the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Although the initial Christian church faced a lot of challenges and opposition from the Roman officials, Christianity spread rapidly. Right from the beginning, there was the belief that it is the responsibility of Christians to share their religious beliefs in an effort of converting others into Christianity. Starting from the early 19th century to the end of the 20th century, a significant number of Christian missionaries from different parts such as North America, Europe as well as West Indies was all over Africa. The work of Christian missionaries was enhanced in a way by the European colonialism. The main g oal of the missionaries was to spread Christianity as wide as possible through converting as many Africans as possible. This was made possible through teaching and preaching about Christianity1.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discussion General Overview Christian missionary is an aspect that is highly associated with the changes that have taken place in the field of religion in different parts of Africa. A Christian missionary can be defined as a member of a Christian-related religious group or association who is sent in specific areas with an aim of perpetrating some evangelism services such as education and promotion of literacy, promoting some economic development, enhancing social justice in some settings and more so teaching religious issues to the communities. The teachings could either be aimed at converting the people to some beliefs and practices or else t o inform them so that they may make an informed decision in regard to religious practices. Christian missionary activity in African countries between the 19th and 20th centuries was not without some notable impacts but rather, some of its effects are still felt up to the present times. Just like any other aspect Christian missionary activity is linked with both positive as well as negative effects on many aspects more especially indigenous African religion. Although it is clear that there were positive changes brought about by the Christian missionary activity, it is much easier to spot the negative attributes for instance where the African were forced into some practices instead of being given the freedom to choose on how to live their religious lives. All in all, from the available literature on this topic of discussion, it is evident that there existed the concept of religious syncretism where there were instances of a variation of beliefs among the individuals involved. This is more so because of the diversity that exist among human beings making uniformity in ideas and perceptions to be somehow a hard concept to achieve. This difference helps in bringing out both positive as well as negative attributes that are associated with Christian missionary activity2. Although the Whites or rather the non-Africans were involved with most of the missionary related work especially the preaching of the gospel, the process was not effective until the Africans themselves were actively involved in the work, either voluntarily or under some pressures from the missionaries. This was more so when it came to the issue of preaching the gospel with the name of bringing about some desirable changes among the African communities, or rather changing some of the beliefs that were so much engraved into the indigenous African religious beliefs to fit the beliefs of the missionaries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Christian Missionary Activity on Indigenous African Religion 1800-1900s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Missionary work through the Africans was deemed to be more effective than that perpetrated by the Whites since they were able to understand the Africans better and interact with them using their local languages. Some of the active African missionary groups include the National Baptist convention and the African Episcopal Methodists among other groups. In as much as there is usually a strong belief that Christianity brought about by missionaries was a form of suppression of the indigenous African religions, there was more to this as this research will clearly reveal to us. Much evident can also be deduced from the situation that prevails in religion today. There are still varied religious beliefs shaped by what different religious groups perceive to be right and wrong, based on some doctrinal backgrounds. Form this reason; we can therefore state that the Christian missionaries had both positive and negative effects towards the African religions although the positive impacts seem to surpass the negative ones. This is because the missionary activities were accompanied by a lot of social and economic developments. In the process of perpetrating their missions in different African countries, the missionaries faced some challenges in the form of rejection and resistance from the African. This can be drawn from the natural attitude exhibited by human beings as they tend to resist change mainly because of some doubt in a new aspect or else because of the fear of the unknown and the need to adapt to the changes. For this reason, we can find some instances where there existed different levels of conflict between the Christian missionaries and the Africans. Despite the conflicts, there still exist some instances of friendly coexistence between Christianity and the indigenous African religious traditions. The conflicts arose when the Christian missionaries decided to re voke traditional practices in an unruly manner rather than impacting sense into the Africans or incorporating the changes in the existing practices. Friendly coexistence on the other hand was experienced whenever there was mutual benefit to be achieved by parties, the missionaries and the Africans3. In order to gain a deeper understanding of this issue it is good to ask ourselves about the various issues and circumstances that surrounded the issue of conversion from traditional religious beliefs into the so called modernized Christian missionary beliefs. A brief analysis of the conversion process is also crucial.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conversion entails changing the traditional Africans and the Muslims into Christianity and their practices. Although the conversion process out to be a smooth one, without force, it was not the case but rather the missionaries opted to achieve their target and goals irrespective of the means they used without caring about the consequences involved. This left some people to suffer as a result of opposing what the missionaries wanted. From research, it is evident that the conversion processes was in most cases associated with a lot of evil, deception, persecution as well as exploitation. Despite this, we still cannot underemphasize the fact that the conversion also had some benefits. In as much this paper focuses on Christianity as the main religion of discussion, there is need to cover the concept of Islam especially in the in the context of being a product of slave trade in different parts of East Africa. Christianity has been associated with slave trade. For instance the Roman Cath olic Church and other protestant religious groups in Europe did not contest slave trade. Some even used the bible to base their arguments about slavery and slave trade. Muslims were however the majority of people who were on the receiving end. This does not however imply that Christians and members of other religions were not involved in the slavery trade. There has been great struggle between Christianity and Islam where the Christians usually perceive themselves to be more superior to the Muslims. For this reason, the Christians have been on the fight towards outdoing the Muslims in different ways especially through converting them into Christianity. However, it has not been a smooth move but rather one full of conflicts especially due to the fact that there are very parallel beliefs between the Islamic and Christianity religions. Each religion tries to defend itself based on the doctrinal beliefs and so the only solution left is to respect each other and look for ways through whi ch they can both co-exist in harmony and peace. This is part of exercising freedom of religion or rather worship. Nevertheless, with the passage of time some Christians were able to stand against slave trade. They strategically used the bible to oppose slavery as they could not really point out the scriptures that advocated for slavery. African Christians are also credited for their fight to abolish slavery. Through their anti-slavery movements, most slaves converted into Christianity and hence helping greatly to the achievement of the Christian missionaries’ main agenda. Following the existence of numerous changes that have taken place in the indigenous African religion as a result of Christian missionary activity, there has been a notable increase in the attempts to come up with a global church history that in one way or the other reflects the changed realities and at the same time, exposes all aspects that are associated with everything that surrounded the changes. Various writers have tried to bring out the issue in different perspectives all in an effort of enhancing understanding of the issue among people. For further understanding of the concept of Christianity, I would suggest that there be comprehensive comparative studies in the history of Christianity and its role in transforming the indigenous African religion4. Apart from discussing the topic in general I will take some African countries as examples to enhance our understanding in regard to the changes experienced in indigenous African religion as a result of the Christian missionary activity. Some of the countries that I will cover include Botswana, Zimbabwe as well as South Africa. Zimbabwe and Religion Just like any other, Traditional Zimbabwe religion is unique. What is clear is that the religion has a strong monotheistic profession of faith which is rooted in the belief of a Supreme creator or God. However, there has been a change that was brought out by the Christian missionary activi ty in the country. The faith that prevails among the communities in Zimbabwe is now melded into a part traditional and part Christian. The joint faith has gathered a lot of support from the local community. The traditional concept of this two-sided faith in Zimbabwe is entrenched in the custom of presenting all prayer needs to the supreme God mainly through the family ancestors. There was some form of opposition in the course of adapting the new beliefs that were brought about by the missionaries. A notable example was when the Ndebele took up arms against the European missionaries in the year 1986. This was after a consultation and agreement was made between priests and the so called oracles of ‘the place of the benevolent spirits’. The early Christian missionaries in this country realized the holiness of the Shona and Ndebele and more so the strong belief they had upon their God. For this reason, they opted to adopt the local concept into their scriptural teachings an d practices making it one and the same with the Christian faith. This made things better since the missionary Christianity did not seem to be a completely new concept and thus did not face a lot of opposition as a result of the change. There is a coexistence of the traditional religion and the modern Christianity concepts. A significant percentage of the country’s population has however believed in Christianity outright mainly the Roman Catholic. Nonetheless there are great followers of denominations such as the Anglican, Methodist, Seventh Day Adventists, Apostolic, Presbyterian, Salvation Army as well as Baptist. The first missionary stations were established in the year 1859 at Inyati and at hope fountain in 1870. The two were controlled by the London Missionary Society. Other mission centres followed as years passed by. The Zimbabweans took a relatively long time before they took charge of the missionary related activities such as teaching and preaching. Although Zimbabwe religion is dominated by Christianity, it also has some Hindus, Muslims and Jews5. Botswana and Religion This is a republic in central southern Africa. The first missionaries to perpetrate Christianity activity in Botswana were Elder Bruce Midgley and his wife by the name of Sister Patricia Midgley under the direction of Pres. R.J. Snow, the then South Africa Johannesburg Mission leader. Approximately 50 percent of the total population in Botswana is Christian. The missionaries considered Botswana to be a very promising country where the gospel would be easily spread and in future, many stations ought to be set up to reinforce Christianity missions. In a nutshell, despite the fact that Botswana cannot be claimed to be an absolute Christian country, it is evident that the Christian faith in the country has played a critical role in nation building through bringing about a lot of development projects as well as promoting high levels of education and literacy among the communities. Th e most notable Christian church in the country is the London Missionary Society/ the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa. This church among other religious groups greatly changed the beliefs that were engraved in the indigenous African religion. Christianity effects can also be felt in other sectors for instance the economy, politics as well as education. It also changed the way of life of the people in Botswana as they had changed perceptions towards various life issues. The London Missionary Society aimed at converting the Batswana to Christianity and thus they persuaded the people to do away with the traditional practices they were used to for instance polygamy, rain making, alcohol, witchcraft, initiation schools as well as dowry issues that in one way or the other contradicted with Christianity practices. Even currently, the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa (UCCSA) leads in various developmental projects in Botswana for instance in politics, education , health as well as politics6. South Africa and Religion South Africa was also not exempted from Christian missionary activity. Right towards the end of the 18th century, European missionaries played a pivotal role in the transformation of the African community in South Africa. Christianity in this region came along with other aspects of civilization and development. European missionary’s activity in South Africa is a concept that is very interesting in that it had a lot of contribution in the region. The missionaries for instance aimed at serving humanity and more so bringing about social and other changes aimed at improving their quality of life. They however had a negative side where they were so much into moral righteousness that they saw the Africans to be very wrong and judged their practices wrongly due to lack of understanding. It is important to note that missionaries and Christianity were accepted in South Africa as a result of the positive changes they were able to bring along for instance on the side of technological advancement like irrigation practices. It is also worth noting that it was not an easy aspect for the missionaries to covert the Africans in South Africa since most of them had other personal agendas such as the attainment of psychological security and to gain other material advantage other then spiritual reasons. Converts were also not appreciated by the rest of the society and for this reasons it took a relatively long time for the missionaries to reach their target in South Africa7. Conclusion From the above discussion, it is evident there exist a lot of discussion elements in relation to the topic of study; Christian Missionary Activity on Indigenous African Religion in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Christian missionaries are associated with bringing a lot of changes among the African communities not only in regard to religious issues but also when it comes to other general life aspects for instance literacy and education as well as economic developments among other aspects. All in all, Religion is a very complex and wide issue. Various parties were involved with the changes that have been experienced in the indigenous African religion, the Christian missionaries being a major element. The main goal of the missionaries was to spread Christianity as wide as possible through converting as many Africans as possible. This was made possible through teaching and preaching about Christianity among the local African communities. Although the Whites or rather the non-Africans were involved with most of the missionary related work especially the preaching of the gospel, the process was not effective until the Africans themselves were actively involved in the work, either voluntarily or under some pressures from the missionaries. The Africans are therefore deemed to have played a great role in effecting the changes that were experienced in the indigenous African religion. Bibliography Chidester, D. (2001). Chr istianity: A Global History. New York, Penguin. Chidester, D. (1996). Savage systems: colonialism and comparative religion in southern Africa. Cape Town, University Press of Virginia. Cool, E.D and Cool, M.S. (1990). â€Å"Missionary work begins in Botswana† Web. Zvobgo, J.M.C (1996). A History of Christian Missions in Zimbabwe, 1890-1939. Gweru, Mambo Press, Zambezia XXIV (ii) 412pp. Footnotes 1 D. Chidester (2001). Christianity: A Global History. New York, Penguin 2 D. Chidester (1996). Savage systems: colonialism and comparative religion in southern Africa. Cape Town, University Press of Virginia 3 D. Chidester (2001). Christianity: A Global History. New York, Penguin 4 D. Chidester (1996). Savage systems: colonialism and comparative religion in southern Africa. Cape Town, University Press of Virginia 5 J.M.C Zvobgo (1996). A History of Christian Missions in Zimbabwe, 1890-1939. Gweru, Mambo Press, Zambezia XXIV (ii) 412pp 6 E.D Cool and M.S. Cool (1990). â€Å"Missionary work begins in Botswana† 7 D. Chidester (1996). Savage systems: colonialism and comparative religion in southern Africa. Cape Town, University Press of Virginia

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Financial Mangement 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Mangement 1 - Essay Example 2008 1700 0.592 1006 2009 1900 0.455 865 2010 1300 0.350 455 2011 6550 0.269 1762 5242 Less initial cash outlay 5500 258 STEP 3 After now getting a negative NPV from step 2 above interpolate the results I. R. R = lower discounting + [N. P.V at lower discounting rate - NPV at I.R.R] HDR rate NPV at LDR - NPV at H.D.R LDR Where HDR = Higher Discounting Rate = 30% LDR = Lower Discounting Rate = 11% IRR = Internal Rate of Return & NPV at I.R.R = 0 I. R.R = 11% + [3362 - 0] (30% - 11%) 3362 - - 258 = 11% + 17.65% = 28.65% Since the internal rate of return is greater than cost of capital the project should be accepted. B The initial research costs of 500 will have to be capitalized and form past of the initial cash outlay (investment). This is because the cost can be directly attributable to the cost of the project. It is not a period cost and hence cannot be treated as a normal expense. Working capital will comprise of the salvage value of the plant and machinery and the additional capital of 1,000,000 & 5,000,000 invested on 31st Dec 2006 & 31st Dec 2007 respectively, working capital are the financial resources which shall be availed at the end of the project life. These can be invested. They are assumed to be past and pared of the economic benefits flowing onto the enterprise. But should be captured at the end of the fifth year. Depreciation is a non- cash item. Depreciation is not taxed. Instead the entrepreneurs are given a wear and tear allowance. It is excluded from taxation and their added back to arrive at the Net operating cash flows. The following factors highly affect the earlier decision of accepting the project. a) The sales are first an estimated and do not reflect the...These can be invested. They are assumed to be past and pared of the economic benefits flowing onto the enterprise. But should be captured at the end of the fifth year. Depreciation is a non- cash item. Depreciation is not taxed. Instead the entrepreneurs are given a wear and tear allowance. It is excluded from taxation and their added back to arrive at the Net operating cash flows. Raising finance through issuing of more shares will lower the gearing level of the firm. Gearing refers to the extent to which the assets of the firm have been financed using borrowed capital. The raising of more shares will make the ordinary share capital and other equity instruments in totality to outweigh the fixed charge capital in the capital structure gearing, being a ratio of fixed charge capital vs. equity will then be lower. What would happen is that the current shareholders would be diluted by an additional issue of shares. This firm has already and overdraft of 40,000 which has not been financed. Any additional borrowing would increase its financial risk. This might ultimately lead to insolvency of Barnsley. It would mean that the firm will be highly geared because shall have been increased by virtue of going for the loan. In addition the loan is short -term in nature. The providers of the loan would therefore require that it be surfaced within a short time period. This may in return affect Barnsley's working capital. Sharehold

Strategic Management Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategic Management Analysis - Essay Example .................6 Sociological Factors..........................................................6 Technological Factors........................................................7 Industry Analysis...............................................................8 Threat of New Entrants......................................................8 Threats of Substitutes.........................................................8 Bargaining Power of Buyers..............................................8 Bargaining Power of Suppliers..........................................9 Competitive Rivalry...........................................................9 Section B: Starbucks Strategic Analysis........................................10 Internal Environments........................................................10 Resources & Competencies of Starbucks...........................10 Current Strategy of Starbucks.............................................12 Value Chain Analysis.......................... ................................12 Financial & Competitive Position of Starbucks..................13 Section C: Strategic Fit †¦..............................................................15 Strengths of Starbucks.........................................................15 Weaknesses of Starbucks.....................................................15 Opportunities from the External Environment....................16 Threats †¦........................................................... .......19 Introduction Starbucks corporation is a worldwide coffee chain company that has its headquarters in Seattle, Washington State (Schultz and Howard, 2011). It is the largest company of its kind and as of March 2009, it had 16,680 stores with 38 years of experience in the coffee business (Clark, 2009). Starbucks has a presence in over 61 countries and has the core of its operations in the United States (Schultz and Howard, 2011). The US operations include over 13,000 stores which offer various forms of services to the American public. The Mission of Starbucks is â€Å"to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighbourhood at a time.† (Starbucks Mission Statement, 2012). The vision of the company is to provide the best quality coffee to customers through ethically sourcing for the best beans. They aim at embracing diversity to create a good work and business environment in which they would engage fully and connect with customers by pro viding perfect beverage (Starbucks Mission Statement, 2012). Starbucks also aims at providing the highest levels of returns to their shareholders whilst they remain responsible to their stakeholders, viz customers, partners and the wider community (Starbucks Mission Statement, 2012). This paper provides a strategic fit analysis of this global coffee company. The components of Starbucks Corporation is analysed in this paper to provide an overview of the strategic elements of the company. Section A: Market Analysis In this section, we will examine the macroeconomic elements and the microeconomic environments to identify the business sphere within which Starbucks' US unit operate within. External Environment Macro-environmental analysis can be done through what is known as PEST analysis, which involves

Critically analyse existing culture and context of care nursing essay

Critically analyse existing culture and context of care nursing essay Firstly, it is necessary to give a few core definitions to the topic and put in into it into a context. Practice development (PD) has been widely defined by many authors and professionals. Following it is possible to finda selection of some of the most accurate and well-known definitions. Firstly, Joyce (1999, p. 109) defines Practice Development as the implementation of initiatives that promote change or maintain good practice in order to enhance care. The latter is undoubtedly a very concise definition. Further extended definitions were provided by, in example, McCormack et al (2004), who consider practice development as a continuous process of improvement in order to increase effectiveness in patient-centered care through the enable of nurses and health care teams to transform the culture and context of care. Simmons (2003, p. 37) argues that practice development is in fact supported by a series of facilitators committed to a systematic, rigorous, continuous process of emancipatory change (Simmons, 2003, p. 37). The latter statement refers to emancipatory practice development, one of the two approaches to PD, together with technical practice development, and which has lately been joined by a third type: transformational Practice Development (Dewing, 2008, p. 134) Definitions and studies on Practice development are, obviously also addressed to maximize quality and benefits of nursing PD. Clarke and Wilcockson (2001, p. 264) stated that the main issues to be considered in the changes and characteristics of the context of nursing care are: the influence of PD in the learning of the staff in the health organisation and the robustness of the evidence upon which the development is based . Practice development in patient care must also be encouraged and directed in order to have a forwarding vision and to guess how and what the service and initiatives must look like, always eliminating boundaries, or at least challenging them (Clarke and Wilcockson, 2002, p. 406). It is important to note that, in practice development, organisation and professional learning should never develop independently. Since the organisation must be a learning place, it is necessary to classify the achievable types of knowledge (Clarke and Wilcockson, 2001, p. 264). Depending on the author it is possible to find different classifications of such knowledge. In fact, according to Clarke and Wilcockson (2002, p. 398) knowledge can be: distal or proximal. The former is also known as knowledge for practice and the latter as knowledge from practice (that depends on the contextual issues within the environment like staffing levels). To bring together both knowledges is the most common desire: a synthesis of scientific theoretical, experimental and personal knowledge. Concretely in this case, nurses of the health organisation, as professionals, can hold knowledge for the organisation itself and create theories of action and strategies. As a matter of fact to analyse an organizations knowledge and influence of its practice developments, soft system methodology is used. Such technique approach problems actively and focuses the research on encouraging change rather than just analysing and describing the problem (Clarke and Wilcockson, 2001, p. 265). As Clarke and Wilcockson (2001, p.399) state, soft system methodology develops models of relevance to the real world, or practice situation, in order to achieve greater and more successful changes. The most important part of the system is the analysis of the data recollected since it permits the creation of a general picture about the impact of practice developments within the chosen organisation and on its individuals (Clarke and Wilcockson, 2002, p. 399 401). In recent years it has been created a debate about the application of research-based knowledge and the implementation of evidence-based practice. Its advantages are clear but it also has a few disadvantages including the possible lack of skills in research critique, the lack of interest of the individual to any available written knowledge or the lack of conformity with the evidence (Clarke and Wilcockson, 2002, p. 397). The considered solution to some of the barriers may be to implement and encourage education within the organisation in order to promote individual skills. In the light of this information, the implementation will be successfully achieved when evidence is scientifically firm, when the context is receptive to change with sympathetic cultures, the feedback system works satisfactorily and there is an appropriate monitoring and leadership (Harvey et al, 2002, p. 578). But the most important factor would be the existence of facilitators for the change, which could be extern al or internal. Firstly, it is necessary to define the term facilitation. It is a concept emerged from both student-centred learning and counselling, which is influenced by humanistic psychology, as Harvey et al (2002, p. 580) mentioned. It refers to a process of enabling individuals and groups to understand the processes they have to go through to change aspects of their behaviour, or attitudes to themselves, their work or other individuals (Marshall and Mclean, 1988). The term has been used in different disciplines, inside and outside the health care field. Therefore, facilitation is the process of encouraging experimental learning through critical reflection, helping organisations and professionals to understand what they need to change and how they should do it in order to achieve the before mentioned evidence-based practice. A more simplified definition, by Kitson et al (as recollected in Harvey et al, 2002, p. 579) describes facilitation as a technique by which one person makes things easier for others. The fact is that in all definitions the term change is included and there are a series of strategies considered to be effective promoting such change like educational outreach visits, audits, feedback and even a marketing approach. Existing practices are challenged and individuals within the organization must embrace new theoretical approaches to improve their practices. It has been proved, that a combination of various approaches is the most effective way of facilitation. One facilitation model could be the Oxford Model of facilitation, created in the first half of the 1980s and which consists in the introduction of more systematic approaches to the prevention of coronary heart diseases and in order to support the creation of more health checks and regular screenings for high-risk patients (Harvey et al, 2002, p. 580). The facilitation process, then, involves facilitators using a range of interpersonal and group skills to achieve the desired change. Literature shows that facilitation in evidence-based practice development addresses the following issues: facilitating change, evidence translation and communication, responding to external influences and agendas, education and life-long learning, getting research into practice and audit and quality initiatives. (Dewing, 2008, p. 136). INTENSIVE CARE NURSING Applying the theory developed before more concretely to the intensive care nursing field, it goes without doubt that nurses can improve patient recovery by using the mentioned before patient -centered care, and, as the Guidance for nurse staffing in critical care (Unknown author, 2003, p. 259) points out by applying pro-active management and vigilance, coping with unpredictable events and providing emotional support. The effectiveness of the nurses improves with proactive prediction and prevention of any possible complications and prompt and skilled intervention in the event of sudden deterioration (Unknown author, 2003, p. 259). Carroll carried out an study which has several useful applications into the nursing care field. Carroll (1997, p. 210) then, identified seven of the most used facilitators in nursing practice according to the answers of a series of participants. The most frequently cited facilitator was the need to have more time available to review and implement research findings. The other six cited facilitators were: conducting more clinically focused relevant research, improving availability/accessibility of research reports, enhancing administrative support and encouragement, providing colleagues support networks/mechanisms, advanced education/increasing research knowledge base, improving the understanding of research reports. (Carroll, 1997, table 2) Barriers to the development of advanced practice in nursing include resistance (both active and passive) or the opposition and obstruction of new roles and responsibilities (Srivastava et al, 2008, p. 2674). Other negative factors in the context of nursing care that would act as barriers would include the fact that the personal beliefs of some practitioners may actively promote discriminatory care (which is called, by Clarke and Wilcockson, 2002 corruption of care) (Clarke and Wilcockson, 2002, p. 397 -398). In particular, within nursing, the definition of facilitation is more closely related to the before stated term of change, and more particularly to the promotion of communication between organizations (Simmons, 2003, p. 42). In the first paragraphs of this essay emancipatory and transformational Practice Development were mentioned. Such concepts have especial focus on facilitation, and as stated before this facilitation has two types, the inside and the outside. However, McCormack et al (2007) have stated that such a division is too simplistic but it is useful when clarifying terms. Outsider or external facilitators involve project planning and learning expertise on nursing discipline (in this case) that may be missing within the organization. Internal facilitators for Project Development, however, have a more direct role in day-today facilitation (Unknown, 2003, p. 259). Nursing practice development can make a significant contribution to the improvement of patient and service user experiences and to the modernization of intensive care services through its focus on improving workplace cultures and learning. McCormack and Titchen (2006) recommend key policy and strategy stakeholders need to be targeted in order to develop a strategic way forward for connecting practice development methods with service/systems developments, set within a modernization and risk management agenda. Clearly Nursing Managers can influence this area at various strategic interfaces in the course of their work (Dewing, 2008, p. 139). CONCLUSION To start concluding, the term practice development has been, therefore, used to describe a range of approaches, methods and processes in organising and delivering diverse changes in nursing practice for many years (Dewing, 2008, p. 134). Thus there are plenty of evidence who assure that improved outcomes are not just a result of numbers of staff, but are more related to the staff level of training and skills. (Srivastava et al, 2008, p. 2675 -2678) Tasks of facilitation and in particular of facilitation in nursing would more concretely include: leading meetings and developing systems and programmes; the assessment and monitoring of care and data collection and the undertaking of joint clinical consultation with practice nurses (Simmons, 2003, p. 45). The facilitator/educator nurse is in charge of providing and locating resources. Therefore, nursing facilitation for practice development must be addressed by a facilitator who provides a focus for nurses to obtain the information they require to pursue a professional or practice development goal (as stated by Thornbory, 1999 and recollected in Simmons, 2003, p. 45). A nurse in that role will be effective if counts on a series of qualities such as: personal confidence, formal education, training and preparation; supervision, feedback from other professionals or organizations, assertiveness and negotiation skills and experience in his/her specialty. It is also important if the nurse facilitator can count on a supportive organizational culture (Srivastava et al, 2008, p. 2674) What it is undeniable is that facilitation needs of critical thinking. Since facilitation should involve confronting, questioning and critical reflection (as pointed out in Simmons, 2003, p. 44), critical thinking is a key element to enable professionals (and concretely nurses) within an organization to understand the different elements that create a clinical situation. Nursing facilitation, concretely, will need to count on critical thinking in order to improve nurses skills and knowledge. In order to achieve that, a nurse educator with the suitable nursing expertise or practice development nurse must be appointed. New nursing staff in critical care need to easily identify their nurse educator in order to ensure their continued development after the orientation period (Unknown author, 2003, p. 264). This facilitates the learning culture within the organization in which evidence-based practice can be developed to meet the needs of the patients (Unknown, 2003, p. 263). As a matter of fact an expert nurse in critical care with highly developed technical skills and supportive knowledge will be helpful in extending the knowledge, and consequently the role of intensive care nurses. The latter is in fact a very controversial topic lately; however it is not the topic of this essay. As an example of facilitation and its practical application it can be say t hat it can assure advance practice in: cannulation, venepuncture, ordering blood tests and X-rays; performing physiotherapy; inserting arterial lines; performing elective cardioversion; thrombolysis treatment and intubation (Srivastava et al, 2008, p. 2675). As Rutherford et al 2005 (and it was recollected in Sarivastava et al, 2008, p. 2674) assert, the organizational infrastructure is central in encouraging new roles and establish the perfect framework for debate. Therefore, effectiveness in intensive care nursing includes facilitator skills such as adaptability, prior experience, personal confidence and assertiveness. Training and preparation, feedback from other professionals and a supportive organizational culture are also signaled by Lloyd Jones, 2005 as needed skills (and as it is recollected in Srivastava et al,2008, p. 2675). A key element for critical thinking and advanced practice in nursing is without any doubt autonomy. Autonomy is defined by Fairley, 2003 (as found in King and MacLeod, 2002, p. 322) with three other terms: (independence, identity and authority) with an additional dimension of self-determination. Expert critical care practitioners in any field will use intuition. In fact King and LcLeod (2002, p. 322) have developed a research on the intuition used by nurses at different levels of practice in decision-making. Autonomy and intuition are key elements of an effective advanced practice performance. It is also necessary to note that, as stated before, the debate about the expansion of nursing roles in intensive care in the UK has been created years ago. Before a change like such occurs it is necessary to note that clarity about training, status, authority, career structure and remuneration must be clear. Nowadays, the context of care in nursing have experimented a series of innovations which profound changes, especially in the field of the working relationships between nurses and medical staff. It is also necessary to note that Intensive Care nursing is a quite new field (which developed into a separate category around 1995, English, 1997) which appeared in order to ensure that patients with an uncomplicated recovery will always be attended. Nowadays, critical care practitioners make all decisions about routine management and over combined roles of anaesthetist, perfusionist and intensivist while carrying on with conventional nursing care. Facilitation and practice development are therefore key issues for intensive care nursing. The implementation of critical care practitioners needed of training and improvement of quality of care merits (English, 1997). Also it needed of three main steps: to give the appropriate title to the nurses depending on the specialist training they received, to give them the necessary authority to act independently, commensurate with the responsibility that they already carried and changes in the salary which, allegedly reflect the value of the work and helped retaining the staff. In Englishs (1997) words: Trusts now have more freedom to set appropriate terms and conditions of service for staff, but support is also needed from the nursing authorities and the Department of Health. Concluding, it is noticeable that there is a clearly positive relationship between research utilization and attitude toward that research, the extended use of professional nursing journals among clinical nurse educators and higher levels of education. In fact, despite the fact that not all intensive care practitioners have the necessary critical approaches and skills (and evidence-based practice research) to use research effectively in practice, such new field like critical care nursing is evolving in the good directions thanks to the use of those facilitators among other factors. The latter affirmation is based on some studies that have been lately developing a deeper approach into clinical nurse educators and the determinants of their research utilization behaviour in clinical practice. Furthermore, it is necessary to point out that it is necessary further research and improvements in the field, especially research on the outcomes of research utilization, including the effectiveness of their role as educators/facilitators and the organization and, over all, contexts in which they practice. Finally, the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) standards on effective workplace culture are going to be used in order to clarify which vital areas need to be encouraged for an effective culture: the need of developing person-centeredness, also developing individual, team and service effectiveness, developing evidence-based health care including knowledge of utilization, transfer and evidence development and developing an effective workplace culture (Dewing, 2008, p. 136).

Child Consumerism Essay

The essay â€Å"Kid Kustomers† by Eric Schlosser talks about how children got sucked into the idea of consumerism. It all started in the 1980’s with parents wasting more money on their kids. Now companies such as Kid2Kid, the Gepetoo Group, and Just Kids and other big corporations specialize in finding ways to get kids to buy their products. The author mentions the different ways children nag to get what they want, such as the pleading, persistent, forceful, demonstrative, sugar-coated, threatening and pity nag. The television plays the biggest role in consumerism because of the advertisements that children are watching all day and the effect it has on them. The reason advertisements are the best tactic when it comes to consumerism is because children think that advertisements are part of the television show. Schlosser brings up several good points throughout the essay. This world is a materialistic world. Most people nowadays are sucked into being the consumers and buying things that they do not even need because now it is all about who has the best clothes, shoes, car or house. It’s one big competition and hardly anyone is ever happy because there is always someone who has something that you do not have. Another reason people like to be consumers is because like to own the newest version of something. One example would be the millions people who buy the new iPhone or iPad when in reality it’s practically the same as it predecessor. If these marketing techniques work well on adults than that is the reason they are more effective on children. Lastly Schlosser’s points are valid because I too have seen children being convinced to buy a product by people on the streets ,beg to their parents and have seen the effects advertisements have children. It happens all the time, whether people realize it or not. When a child sees a guy with a big sign advertising toys or food the kid is going to want to ask their parents if they can get the toy or that they are hungry. It is sad that almost all children know who Ronald McDonald is and when they get hungry they are most likely to go to McDonalds because it is convenient. Children are more easily targeted now because now their friends influence them and if that one friend has something that they like, they will find a way to own it too. My little cousin Max who is ten years old feels he has to own the newest thing. It saddens me because he is in a competition with his friends and these companies are making money off him when he may not truly be interested in their product. Companies target children specifically because they get what they want the majority of the time. Companies depend on their children to beg to their parents so that they can buy their product. Whenever my cousin Max beg to his parents he eventually gets what he wants because he is persistent and persuasive and makes his parents feel guilty if he does not get what he wants. Sometimes while I am walking down the street or in the mall I see a kid with a iPhone wondering what they with something that sophisticated at such a young age. It makes me wonder if kids have things such as the iPhone then what else do they have? These are the children who are sucked into consumerism and have to buy everything that is considered cool or new. To me one of the biggest reasons companies invest time and money on marketing advertisements directed towards children the most is because children have not learned the true importance of t the dollar bill. They no value behind it and do not think it of as much when their parents are the ones out their spending there money on them. Advertisements on television play the biggest role in consumerism. One effect that advertisements have on children is that the advertisement gets suck in their head. Children remember the words or specific tune that went along with the advertisement. A majority of children that I know are watching television most of the day. When I was a kid advertisements played a role in what I should buy or eat. The majority of the things that I had heard of had come from advertisements. This is true because most people do not eat at a place they have never heard of because they do not want to take the risk. The same thing goes for things such as video games and toys for kids because advertisements make the product look good, which gives people a sense of hope that it will not be a waste of money if they buy it for full price. An example would be my cousin Rachel buys most of her toys because she sees them on the television. The advertisements reassure her that buying the toy will be worth it. She falls for the same toys each time because they are not much different from each other. She mostly gets dolls and princess castles, which all virtually look the same but only, differ in color. In the end advertisements effect our decision when we go out to buy the things we want. Companies have succeeded when it comes to convincing children to buy their product. It doesn’t matter where a pers on is at now. They can be outside or in their house and they will still be surrounded by advertisements. The advertisements are on the television all day, billboards, people on the streets and one of the stronger forms of advertisement the Internet. Whenever a person watches a video on YouTube they are stopped by a short advertisement and overtime a majority of the world knows the advertisement and may be a little more tempted to go out and buy it. This world has become a world where humans feel need to buy everything even if they do not need it. As long as companies keep releasing new products then children will be consumers because children always buy the newest toy even if they just bought their last toy two weeks ago.

African American And Other Ethnic Groups Incarcerated...

Introduction When we hear the words â€Å"justice system† we should be thinking about fairness, justice, honesty, righteousness. However, contrary to what comes to mind in reality the justice system is rife with inequality, injustice, corruption and dishonestly. The definition for institutional inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group of society (about.com) and this is what people of color are facing on a daily basis. On this paper examined the research about the ratio of African American and other ethnic groups incarcerated versus whites, also how this affects the community, why such a high percentage of African Americans ages 25-29 are incarcerated and the racial disparities that exist in the justice system. Historically African Americans have been discriminated against in the United States and a system of race based hierarchy still exists. The lower class includes the Blacks and Hispanic population and oth er so called minorities. The upper class includes the white population also called majority, the higher social position of white the population allows for a greater advantage when it comes to the writing and application of laws that will apply to the majority and minority population. II. What is Racial Disparity? â€Å"Racial disparity in the criminal justice system exists when the proportion of a racial or ethnic group within the control of the system is greater than the proportion of suchShow MoreRelatedThe Ratio Of African American And Other Ethnic Groups1531 Words   |  7 Pagespositions or statuses within a group of society (about.com) and this is what people of color are facing in a daily basis. 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Bell (2007), proposes that as minority groups grow in numbers within the dominant group they will experience greater equality. However, rate of incarceration among minority males remains alarmingly high and as compared to their White counterparts. As with health care there are racial disparities thatRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Its Effects On American Soil1608 Words   |  7 Pagescoined in June of 1971 by former President Richard Nixon. The war on drugs is indeed a war; it induces biased, civil attacks on minority groups in America, executed by law enforcement officials through criminal racism. In the course of my paper, I will explain the facts and details that prove the war on drugs is nothing but merely scapegoating minorities on American soil. Drugs, in the United States, are defined by a classification system. While each state differs in the way in which drugs are governedRead MoreThe World Is Not Black And White : Racial Bias1688 Words   |  7 PagesWorld Is Not Black and White: Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot in a Multiethnic Context Implicit racial biases were examined in the decision to shoot potentially hostile targets in a multiethnic context. Results of two studies showed that college aged participants and police officers showed anti-black racial bias in their response times: the participants were quicker to â€Å"correctly† shoot armed black men or targets and to indicate â€Å"don’t shoot† for unarmed Latino, Asian and white targets. In addition

Sweatshop Exploitation And Responsibility Of Sweatshops

Gabrielle Chan Bass Humanities 3rd Blue 12 November 2014 Sweatshop Exploitation and Responsibility Sweatshops were first well known to the public eye when several major corporations’ exploitation of workers were revealed during the late twentieth century. Sweatshops generally are factories that provide workers with socially unacceptable working conditions, especially dealing with clothing items. With the expanding apparel industries around the world, more and more corporations are using sweatshop factories to their advantage. Numerous companies claim that they are not responsible for actions of those factories from which they purchase from because it is not part of their corporation. However, action needs to be taken by the government and individual corporations to improve the working conditions in sweatshop factories. Due to the harsh working environment, insufficient pay, and other factors that cause inhumane treatment of workers in sweatshops, the US government should improve working conditions for workers, have stricter regulations on sweatshops, and strive to improve t he treatment of sweatshop workers across the globe. Sweatshop proponents argue that even though sweatshops may not provide the best working conditions for workers, it at least provides a job for those who are in desperate need of one. In a way, a sweatshop may even benefit the workers. The money the workers earn from working in the sweatshop factory may be the deciding factor in whether they have foodShow MoreRelated NIKEs Labour Troubles Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagesindustries in corporate responsibility. However, they do not comply with several human rights obligations overseas in countries like Thailand, Pakistan, China, Vietnam and Indonesia. 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Essay747 Words   |  3 Pagesproviding labor to third world countries may at first seem acceptable, the circumstances under which these sweatshops run are not. There are lists of rules by the United Nations, that outline the requirements a corporation must meet to be a socially responsible company. There are many companies that are popular today, however, that don’t meet the criteria stipulated by the UN, and fall in the â€Å"sweatshop† category. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hoards of people, distracted by catchy advertising and creativeRead MoreCase Study - Nike Sweatshops Inc. Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pages| Corporate Sustainability Management | Case Study Analysis: Nike, Inc. and Sweatshops | | | | | Ethics refer to what is defined as right or wrong in the morality of human beings and social issues are matters which could directly or indirectly affect a person or many members of a society. In this case study, Nike has been accused of subjecting employees in their subcontracted factories overseas to work in inhumane conditions for low wages. The CEO and cofounder of Nike lamented